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A royal mistress is the historical position and sometimes unofficial of the lover of a or an , who was expected to provide certain services, such as sexual or romantic intimacy, companionship, and advice in return for security, , money, honours, and an influential place at the . Thus, some royal mistresses have had considerable power, being the power behind the throne. The institution partly owes its prevalence to the fact that royal marriages used to be conducted solely on the basis of political and considerations, leaving little space for the monarch's personal preferences in the choice of a partner.

The title of royal mistress was never official, and most mistresses had an official reason to be at the court, such as being a or maid-of-honour to a female member of the royal family or a to the royal children. However, their real position was most often an , and there was no real division between formal and informal political power in the early French court. From the 15th century onward and most importantly in France, chief mistresses gained a semi-official title (French: maîtresse-en-titre, literally "official mistress"), which came with its own assigned apartments in the palace. A chief mistress was also sometimes called a maîtresse déclarée, or "declared mistress". An unacknowledged, less important royal lover was known as a petite maîtresse ("little mistress").

In Europe, the children of mistresses were typically not included in the line of succession, except when secret marriages were alleged. They were however regularly given titles and high positions in the court or the army.

Lists of royal mistresses
  • List of French royal mistresses
  • List of Russian royal mistresses and lovers
  • List of Swedish royal mistresses

Austria
  • Margareta von Edelsheim (d.1522) and Anna von Helfenstein, mistresses of Maximilian I
  • Johanna van der Gheynst (1505-1541) and (1527-1597), mistresses of Charles V
  • Kateřina Stradová (1568-1629), mistress of Rudolf II
  • Maria Wilhelmina von Neipperg (1738-1775), mistress of Francis I
  • Livia Raimondi, mistress of Leopold II
  • Katharina Schratt (1853–1940) and (1860-1930), mistresses of Franz Joseph I
  • (1864-1907) and Baroness Mary Vetsera (1871–1889), mistresses of Crown Prince Rudolf

Belgium

Denmark
  • Helena Guttormsdotter (fl. 1205), mistress of Valdemar II
  • Cecilia (d. aft. 1459), mistress and later wife of Eric of Pomerania
  • Edele Jernskjæg (d. 1512), mistress of John I
  • Dyveke Sigbritsdatter (1490-1517), mistress of Christian II
  • Karen Andersdatter (d. 1673), (d. 1648) and Kirsten Madsdatter (d. 1629), mistresses of Christian IV
  • (1595-1641), mistress of Crown Prince Christian
  • (1620-1684), mistress of Frederick III
  • Sophie Amalie Moth (1654–1719), mistress of Christian V
  • Charlotte Helene von Schindel (1690 - 1752), mistress of Frederick IV
  • Charlotte Amalie Winge (fl. 1766) and (1720-1784), mistresses of Frederick V
  • Støvlet-Cathrine (1745-1805), mistress of Christian VII
  • Frederikke Dannemand (1792-1862), mistress of Frederick VI
  • (1815-1874), mistress and later wife of Frederick VII

Egypt
  • (b.280BCE), mistress of Ptolemy II Philadelphus
  • Agathoclea (247-202/3BCE), mistress of Ptolemy IV Philopator
  • (1918-1996), mistress of Farouk

Germany
  • (1210-1248), mistress and possible last wife of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Clara Elisabeth von Platen (1648-1700), mistress of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
  • Magdalena Sibylla of Neidschutz (1675-1694), mistress of John George IV, Elector of Saxony
  • Wilhelmine Dorothee von der Marwitz (1718-1787), mistress of Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
  • Katharina Werner, mistress of Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden
  • Karoline Jagemann (1777-1848), mistress of Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Bavaria
  • Aleid van Poelgeest (1370-1392), mistress of Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
  • Agnes Le Louchier (1660-1717), mistress of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
  • Maria Caroline Charlotte von Ingenheim (1704-1749), mistress of Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Josepha von Heydeck (1748-1771), mistress of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
  • Diana Rabe von Pappenheim (1788-1844), mistress of Jérôme Bonaparte
  • (1821–1861), mistress of Ludwig I of Bavaria
  • (1807-1881), mistress of Ludwig I of Bavaria and his son Otto of Greece

Brunswick
  • Eva von Trott (1505-1567), mistress of Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  • (fl.1528), mistress of Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  • Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse (1639 - 1722), mistress and later wife of George William, Duke of Brunswick
  • Maria Antonia Branconi (1746-1793), mistress of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick

Hesse
  • Barbara Christine von Bernhold (1690-1756), mistress of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
  • (1728-1803), mistress of Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
  • Charlotte Christine Buissine (1749-1781), Rosa Dorothea Ritter (1759-1833), and Karoline von Schlotheim (1766-1847), mistresses of William I, Elector of Hesse

Prussia
  • Catharina von Wartenberg (1674-1734), mistress of Frederick I
  • Wilhelmine, Gräfin von Lichtenau (1753-1820), mistress of Frederick William II

Württemberg
  • Wilhelmine von Grävenitz (1684-1744), mistress and bigamous wife of Erbhard Louis
  • Countess Franziska von Hohenheim (1748-1811), mistress and wife of Charles Eugene

Italy
  • Rotruda of Pavia (d.945), mistress of Hugh of Italy
  • Isabella Boschetti (b.1502), mistress of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
  • (d.1611), mistress of Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma

Ferrara
  • Stella de' Tolomei (d.1419), mistress of Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara
  • (d.1573), mistress of Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara

Milan
  • Agnese del Maino (1411-1465), mistress of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti
  • Giovanna d'Acquapendente, mistress of Duke Francesco I Sforza
  • Lucrezia Landriani, mistress of duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza

Naples
  • Lucrezia d'Alagno (1430-1479), mistress of Alfonso V of Aragon
  • (1460-1511), mistress of Alfonso II of Naples

Florence
  • (1447-1501), mistress of Lorenzo de' Medici
  • (1453-1478), mistress of Giuliano de' Medici
  • (1505-1559), mistress of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
  • (1548-1587), mistress and later wife of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Savoy
  • Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes (1670-1736), mistress of Victor Amadeus II
  • Anna Canalis di Cumiana (1680-1769), mistress and later wife of Victor Amadeus II
  • (1825-1904), mistress of Victor Emmanuel II
  • (1833–1885), mistress and later wife of Victor Emmanuel II
  • Eugenia Attendolo Bolognini (1837-1914), mistress of Umberto I of Italy

Norway
  • , mistress of , mother of Haakon the Good
  • Borghild Olavsdotter (fl.1115), mistress of Sigurd the Crusader
  • Bjaðǫk, 12th century mistress of , mother of Eystein II of Norway
  • Inga of Varteig (1183/5-1234/5), mistress of Haakon III, mother of Haakon IV

Poland
  • Sulisława (d.1294) mistress and later wife of Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania
  • mistress of Casimir III the Great. He married another mistress: Krystyna Rokiczana (d.1365)
  • Katarzyna Telniczanka (1480-1528), mistress of Sigismund I the Old
  • Barbara Radziwiłł (1520-1551), mistress and later wife of Sigismund II Augustus
  • (1570-1635), mistress of Sigismund III Vasa
  • Jadwiga Łuszkowska (1616-1648) and Rozyna Małgorzata von Eckenberg (1625-1648), mistresses of Władysław IV Vasa
  • Marie Françoise Catherine de Beauvau-Craon (1711-1786), mistress of Stanisław Leszczyński
  • Magdalena Agnieszka Sapieżyna (1739-1790) mistress, and Elżbieta Szydłowska (1748-1810), possible wife of Stanisław August Poniatowski

Augustus II the Strong
  • 1694–1696 Countess Maria Aurora von Königsmarck
  • 1696–1699 Countess Anna Aloysia Maximiliane von Lamberg
  • 1698–1704 Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum, later Princess of Teschen
  • 1701–1706 Maria Aurora von Spiegel
  • 1704–1713 Anna Constantia von Brockdorff, later Countess of Cosel
  • 1706–1707 Henriette Rénard
  • 1708 Angélique Debargues, French dancer and actress
  • 1713–1719 Maria Magdalena of Bielinski, Countess of Dönhoff then Princess Lubomirska
  • 1720–1721 Erdmuthe Sophie of Dieskau and of Loß
  • 1721–1722 Baroness Kristiane of Osterhausen and of Stanisławski

Portugal
  • (b.1230), mistress of Afonso III
  • Inês de Castro (1325-1355), mistress and later wife of Peter I
  • Teresa Lourenço (b.1330), mistress of Peter I, mother of John I
  • Inês Peres, mistress of John I
  • Maria Soares da Cunha, mistress of Alfonso V
  • (b.1460) and Ana de Mendonça (1460-1542), mistresses of John II
  • Francisca Clara da Silva and Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas, mistresses of Peter II
  • Paula de Odivelas (1701-1768) and Luísa Clara de Portugal (1702-1779), mistresses of John V
  • Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (1797-1867), mistress of Pedro I of Brazil
  • (1881-1920), mistress of Manuel II

Romania
  • (fl. 1601), mistress of Michael the Brave
  • Marițica Bibescu (1815-1869), mistress and later wife of , Prince of Wallachia
  • Elena Văcărescu, (1864-1947), mistress of Ferdinand I
  • (1899–1977), mistress and later wife of Carol II.

Spain
  • Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra (1454-1513), mistress of Ferdinand II of Aragon
  • (1522–1589) and Eufrasia de Guzmán (fl.1592), mistresses of Philip II
  • María Calderón (1605-1678) and María Manrique, mistresses of Philip IV
  • María del Pilar Acedo y Sarriá (1784-1869), mistress of
  • (1844-1898), mistress of
  • Carmen Ruiz Moragas (1898-1936), mistress of
  • Bárbara Rey (b.1950) and Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (b.1964) mistress of Juan Carlos I

Castile and León
  • Jimena Muñoz (d.1128), mistress of Alfonso VI of León and Castile
  • Gontrodo Pérez (1105-1186), mistress of Alfonso VII of León and Castile
  • Rahel la Fermosa (1165-1195), mistress of Alfonso VIII of Castile
  • Urraca López de Haro (1160-1230), mistress and later wife of Ferdinand II of León
  • Aldonza Martínez de Silva (d.1236), mistress of Alfonso IX of León
  • Mayor Guillén de Guzmán (1205–1262), mistress of Alfonso X of Castile
  • Eleanor de Guzmán (1310-1351), mistress of Alfonso XI of Castile
  • María de Padilla (1334-1361), mistress and posthumous wife of Peter of Castile

Sweden
  • (1714–1744), mistress of king Frederick I of Sweden

United Kingdom
  • Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, mistress of George I
  • , mistress of George II
  • , mistress of before his marriage and accession
  • Freda Dudley Ward and Thelma, Viscountess Furness, mistresses of
  • Camilla Shand, mistress, and later wife and, queen consort of

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  • Maria Fitzherbert
  • Mary Robinson
  • Isabella Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford
  • Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham

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Other countries
  • (1173-1211), mistress and later Empress of Alexios V Doukas of Byzantium.
  • Agnes of Kuenring (circa 1236 – flourished 1261), mistress of Ottokar II of Bohemia
  • Barbara Edelpöck (d. 1495), mistress of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
  • (d. aft. 1521), mistress of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia
  • Marietta de Patras (d.1503), mistress of John II of Cyprus
  • Fotini Mavromichali (1826-1878), mistress of Otto of Greece
  • Émilie Ambre (1849–1898), mistress of William III of the Netherlands
  • Katarina Konstantinović (1848-1910), mistress of her cousin Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia
  • Draga Mašin (1867-1903), mistress and later wife of Alexander I of Serbia
  • Marie Juliette Louvet (1867-1930), mistress of Louis II of Monaco

See also

Further reading
  • Carlton, Charles (1990). Royal Mistresses. Routledge. .
  • Cawthorne, Nigel (1994). The Sex Lives of the Kings and Queens of England: From Henry VIII to the Present Day. Prion. .
  • Friedman, Dennis (2003). Ladies of the Bedchamber:The Role of the Royal Mistress. UK: Peter Owen Publishers. .
  • Hermann, Eleanor (2004). Sex with Kings:500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge. USA: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Powell, Roger (2010). ROYAL SEX: Mistresses and the Lovers of the British Royal Family. Amberley. .

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